CARBURETOR ICING

An unexplained drop in manifold pressure and eventual engine roughness may result from the formation of carburetor ice. To clear the ice, apply full throttle and pull the carburetor heat knob full out until the engine runs smoothly: then remove carburetor heat and readjust the throttle. If conditions require the continued use of carburetor heat in cruise flight, use the minimum amount of heat necessary to prevent ice from forming and lean the mixture for smoothest engine operation.
 

SPARK PLUG FOULING

A slight engine roughness in flight may be caused by one or more spark plugs becoming fouled by carbon or lead deposits. This may be verified by turning the ignition switch momentarily from BOTH to eitherL or H position. An obvious power loss in single ignition operation is evidence of spark plug or magneto trouble. Assuming that spark plugs are the more likely cause, lean the mixture to the recommended lean setting for cruising flight. If the problem does not clear up in several minutes, determine if a richer mixture setting will produce smoother operation. If not, proceed to the nearest airport for repairs using the BOTH position of the ignition switch unless extreme roughness dictates the use of a single ignition position.
 

MAGNETO MALFUNCTION

A sudden engine roughness or misfiring is usually evidence of magneto problems. Switching from BOTH to either LB ignition switch position will identify which magneto is malfunctioning. Select different power settings and enrichen the mixture to determine if continued opera tion on BOTH magnetos is practicable. If not, switch to the good magneto and proceed to the nearest airport for repairs.
 

ENGINE-DRIVEN FUEL PUMP FAILURE

In the event of an engine-driven fuel pump failure, gravity flow will provide sufficient fuel flow for level or descending flight. However, in a climbing attitude or anytime the fuel pressure drops to 0.5 PSI, the auxiliary fuel pump should be turned on.
 

LOW OIL PRESSURE

If low oil pressure is accompanied by normal oil temperature, there is a possibility the oil pressure gage or relief valve is malfunctioning. A leak in the line to the gage is not necessarily cause for an immediate precau tionary landing because an orifice in this line will prevent a sudden loss of oil from the engine suinp. However, a landing at the nearest airport would be advisable to inspect the source of trouble.

If a total loss of oil pressure is accompanied by a rise in oil tempera ture, there is good reason to suspect an engine failure is imminent. Reduce engine power immediately and select a suitable forced landing field. Use only the minimum power required to reach the desired touchdown spot.
 

LANDING GEAR MALFUNCTION PROCEDURES

In the event of possible landing gear retraction or extension malfunc tions, there are several general checks that should be made prior to initiating the steps outlined in the following paragraphs.

In analyzing a landing gear malfunction, first check that the master switch is ON and the LDG GEAR and GEAR PUMP circuit breakers are in; reset, if necessary. Also, check both landing gear position indicator lights for operation by "pressing-to-test' the light units and rotating them at the same time to check for open dimming shutters. A burned-out bulb can be replaced in flight by using the bulb from the remaining gear position indicator light.
 

RETRACTION MALFUNCTIONS

If the landing gear fails to retract normally, or an intermittent GEAR UP indicator light is present, check the indicator light for proper operation and attempt to recycle the landing gear. Place the landing gear lever in the GEAR DOWN position. When the GEAR DOWN light illuminates, reposi tion the gear lever in the GEAR UP position for another retraction attempt. If the GEAR UP indicator light still fails to illuminate, the flight may be continued to an airport having maintenance facilities, if practical. If gear motor operation is audible after a period of one minute following gear lever retraction actuation, pull the GEAR PUMP circuit breaker switch to prevent the electric motor from overheating. In this event, remember to re engage the circuit breaker switch just prior to landing. Intermittent gear motor operation may also be detected by momentary fluctuations of the ammeter needle.
 

EXTENSION MALFUNCTIONS

Normal landing gear extension time is approximately 5 seconds. If the landing gear will not extend normally, perform the general checks of circuit breakers and master switch and repeat the normal extension procedures at a reduced airspeed of 100 KIAS. The landing gear lever must be in the down position with the detent engaged. If efforts to extend and lock the gear through the normal landing gear system fail, the gear can be manually extended (as long as hydraulic system fluid has not been completely lost) by use of the emergency hand pump. The hand pump is located between the front seats.

A checklist is provided for step-by-step instructions for a manual gear extension.

If gear motor operation is audible after a period of one minute following gear lever extension actuation, pull the GEAR PUMP circuit breaker to prevent the electric motor from overheating. In this event, remember to re-engage the circuit breaker just prior to landing.
 

GEAR UP LANDINGS

If the landing gear remains retracted or is only partially extended, and all efforts to fully extend it (including manual extension) have failed, plan a wheels-up landing. In preparation for landing, reposition the landing gear lever to GEAR UP and push the LDG GEAR and GEAR PUMP circuit breakers in to allow the landing gear to swing into the gear wells at touchdown. Then proceed in accordance with the checklist.